@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ | |||
/.site | |||
/.store | |||
/.stack-work | |||
/.vscode | |||
/node_modules | |||
/uni | |||
/portfolio.md | |||
/fonts | |||
/css/fonts | |||
/.mailmap |
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ | |||
name: blag | |||
version: 0.1.0.0 | |||
build-type: Simple | |||
cabal-version: >= 1.10 | |||
executable site | |||
main-is: site.hs | |||
build-depends: base | |||
, hakyll | |||
, pandoc | |||
, skylighting | |||
, process | |||
, containers | |||
, directory | |||
, pandoc-types | |||
, bytestring | |||
, uri-encode | |||
, deepseq | |||
, text | |||
, hsass | |||
, hakyll-sass | |||
ghc-options: -threaded | |||
default-language: Haskell2010 | |||
ghc-options: -optl-fuse-ld=lld |
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ | |||
code, div.sourceCode { | |||
font-family: Fantasque Sans Mono, Fira Mono, monospace; | |||
font-size: 15pt; | |||
} | |||
code.inline { | |||
background-color: rgb(250,250,250); | |||
/* border: 1px solid rgb(200,200,200); */ | |||
} | |||
table.sourceCode, tr.sourceCode, td.lineNumbers, td.sourceCode { | |||
margin: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align: baseline; border: none; | |||
} | |||
table.sourceCode { | |||
width: 100%; line-height: 100%; | |||
} | |||
td.lineNumbers { text-align: right; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; color: #aaaaaa; border-right: 1px solid #aaaaaa; } | |||
td.sourceCode { padding-left: 5px; } | |||
code.kw, span.kw { color: #af005f; } /* Keyword */ | |||
code.dt, span.dt { color: #5f5faf; } /* DataType */ | |||
code.dv, span.dv { color: #268bd2; } /* DecVal */ | |||
code.bn, span.bn { color: #268bd2; } /* BaseN */ | |||
code.fl, span.fl { color: #268bd2; } /* Float */ | |||
code.ch, span.ch { color: #cb4b16; } /* Char */ | |||
code.st, span.st { color: #cb4b16; } /* String */ | |||
code.co, span.co { color: #8a8a8a; } /* Comment */ | |||
code.ot, span.ot { color: #007020; } /* Other */ | |||
code.al, span.al { color: #ff0000; } /* Alert */ | |||
code.fu, span.fu { color: #666666; } /* Function */ | |||
code.er, span.er { color: #ff0000; } /* Error */ | |||
code.wa, span.wa { color: #60a0b0; } /* Warning */ | |||
code.cn, span.cn { color: #880000; } /* Constant */ | |||
code.sc, span.sc { color: #4070a0; } /* SpecialChar */ | |||
code.vs, span.vs { color: #4070a0; } /* VerbatimString */ | |||
code.ss, span.ss { color: #2aa198; } /* SpecialString */ | |||
code.va, span.va { color: #073642; } /* Variable */ | |||
code.cf, span.cf { color: #007020; } /* ControlFlow */ | |||
code.op, span.op { color: #d33682; } /* Operator */ | |||
code.pp, span.pp { color: #bc7a00; } /* Preprocessor */ | |||
code.at, span.at { color: #7d9029; } /* Attribute */ | |||
code.do, span.do { color: #ba2121; } /* Documentation */ | |||
code.an, span.an { color: #60a0b0; } /* Annotation */ | |||
code.cv, span.cv { color: #60a0b0; } /* CommentVar */ |
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ | |||
@font-face { | |||
font-family: "Computer Modern"; | |||
src: url('/static/cmunorm.woff'); | |||
} | |||
.math { | |||
font-family: Computer Modern, serif; | |||
} | |||
.math .display { | |||
font-size: 18px; | |||
text-align: center; | |||
} |
@ -0,0 +1,469 @@ | |||
$purple: #424969; | |||
$orange: #ffac5f; | |||
$blonde: #f5ddbc; | |||
$light-purple: #faf0fa; | |||
$yugo: #ea8472; | |||
$header: $orange; | |||
$header-height: 50px; | |||
$max-width: 95ch; | |||
.mathpar, .math-paragraph { | |||
display: flex; | |||
flex-direction: row; | |||
flex-wrap: wrap; | |||
justify-content: space-around; | |||
align-items: center; | |||
} | |||
a#mastodon { | |||
display: none; | |||
} | |||
html, body { | |||
min-height: 100%; | |||
height: 100%; | |||
margin: 0; | |||
background-color: white; | |||
font-family: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; | |||
} | |||
body { | |||
display: flex; | |||
flex-direction: column; | |||
counter-reset: theorem figure; | |||
} | |||
div#header { | |||
background-color: $header; | |||
height: $header-height; | |||
display: flex; | |||
flex-direction: row; | |||
align-items: stretch; | |||
justify-content: space-between; | |||
flex-wrap: nowrap; | |||
overflow-x: auto; | |||
div#logo { | |||
margin-left: .5em; | |||
line-height: $header-height; | |||
padding-left: .5em; | |||
padding-right: .5em; | |||
font-size: 18pt; | |||
a { | |||
color: $purple; | |||
text-decoration: none; | |||
} | |||
transition: background-color .2s ease-in-out; | |||
} | |||
div#logo:hover { | |||
background-color: darken($header, 10%); | |||
} | |||
div#navigation { | |||
margin-right: .5em; | |||
display: flex; | |||
flex-direction: row; | |||
align-items: stretch; | |||
align-self: flex-end; | |||
justify-content: flex-end; | |||
line-height: $header-height; | |||
a { | |||
color: $purple; | |||
text-decoration: none; | |||
margin-left: .5em; | |||
margin-right: .5em; | |||
} | |||
div.nav-button { | |||
height: 100%; | |||
transition: background-color .2s ease-in-out; | |||
} | |||
div.nav-button:hover { | |||
background-color: darken($header, 10%); | |||
} | |||
} | |||
} | |||
div#content { | |||
max-width: $max-width; | |||
margin: 0px auto 0px auto; | |||
flex: 1 0 auto; | |||
span.katex, span.together { | |||
display: inline-block; | |||
} | |||
p { | |||
text-align: justify; | |||
letter-spacing: 1.75; | |||
code { | |||
display: inline-block; | |||
} | |||
span.qed { | |||
float: right; | |||
} | |||
span.theorem ::after { | |||
counter-increment: theorem; | |||
content: " " counter(theorem); | |||
} | |||
span.theorem, span.paragraph-marker { | |||
font-style: italic; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
p.image { | |||
text-align: center !important; | |||
} | |||
h1 { | |||
font-variant: small-caps; | |||
max-width: 120ch; | |||
} | |||
blockquote { | |||
background-color: $light-purple; | |||
border-radius: 10px; | |||
border: 1px solid $purple; | |||
padding: 0em 1em; | |||
} | |||
> article > blockquote { | |||
width: 80%; | |||
margin: auto; | |||
} | |||
> article > div.code-container { | |||
width: 80%; | |||
margin: auto; | |||
pre { | |||
padding: 0px 1em; | |||
} | |||
> span { | |||
display: inline; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
div.code-container { | |||
background-color: $light-purple; | |||
border-radius: 10px; | |||
border: 1px solid darken($light-purple, 10%); | |||
overflow-x: auto; | |||
> span { | |||
padding: 0.5em 1em 0.25em 1em; | |||
background-color: darken($light-purple, 10%); | |||
border-top-left-radius: 10px; | |||
box-shadow: 1px 1px darken($light-purple, 20%); | |||
display: none; | |||
} | |||
> span::after { | |||
content: " code"; | |||
} | |||
div.sourceCode { | |||
padding: 0px .5em; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
div.code-container.custom-tag { | |||
> span::after { | |||
display: none; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
div.code-container.continues { | |||
> span { | |||
display: none; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
* { | |||
max-width: 100%; | |||
} | |||
details { | |||
summary { | |||
margin-left: 1em; | |||
font-size: 14pt; | |||
padding: .2em 1em; | |||
} | |||
border-radius: 5px; | |||
border: 1px solid $purple; | |||
padding: .2em 1em; | |||
background-color: white; | |||
font-size: 0pt; | |||
margin-top: 0.5em; | |||
margin-bottom: 0.5em; | |||
transition: font-size 0.3s ease-in-out, background-color 0.3s ease-in-out; | |||
transform: rotate3d(0, 0, 0, 0); | |||
} | |||
details[open] { | |||
background-color: $light-purple; | |||
font-size: 14pt; | |||
} | |||
.special-thanks { | |||
display: flex; | |||
flex-direction: column; | |||
align-items: center; | |||
justify-content: space-around; | |||
p { | |||
font-size: 21pt; | |||
margin-top: .5em; | |||
margin-bottom: 0px; | |||
} | |||
ul { | |||
list-style: none; | |||
li { | |||
margin: .5em 0px; | |||
border-radius: 10px; | |||
border: 1px solid $purple; | |||
background-color: $light-purple; | |||
padding: 1em; | |||
a { | |||
text-decoration: underline; | |||
} | |||
transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; | |||
} | |||
li:hover { | |||
border-radius: 5px; | |||
transform: scale(1.01); | |||
background-color: lighten($light-purple, 5%); | |||
} | |||
} | |||
} | |||
.eqn-list { | |||
list-style: none; | |||
direction: rtl; | |||
counter-reset: equation; | |||
li { | |||
counter-increment: equation; | |||
span.katex-display { | |||
margin: 2px; | |||
} | |||
* { | |||
direction: ltr; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
li::marker { | |||
content: "(" counter(equation) ")"; | |||
font-family: KaTeX_Main, Times New Roman, serif; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
font-size: 14pt; | |||
line-height: 1.6; | |||
} | |||
div.info, span#reading-length { | |||
padding-left: 1em; | |||
font-style: italic; | |||
} | |||
span#reading-length::before { | |||
content: "Word count: " | |||
} | |||
div#footer { | |||
display: flex; | |||
align-items: center; | |||
justify-content: space-between; | |||
padding-left: 1em; | |||
padding-right: 1em; | |||
background-color: $light-purple; | |||
} | |||
.definition { | |||
text-decoration: dotted underline; | |||
} | |||
.post-list { | |||
list-style: none; | |||
padding: 0px; | |||
div.post-list-item { | |||
margin-top: .2em; | |||
margin-bottom: .2em; | |||
padding: 1em; | |||
border-radius: 10px; | |||
background-color: $light-purple; | |||
display: flex; | |||
justify-content: space-between; | |||
flex-wrap: wrap; | |||
align-items: flex-end; | |||
font-size: 11pt; | |||
a { | |||
font-size: 14pt; | |||
padding-right: 2em; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
} | |||
table { | |||
margin: auto; | |||
border-collapse: collapse; | |||
td, th { | |||
border: 1px solid $purple; | |||
text-align: center; | |||
padding: 0px 1em 0px 1em; | |||
> * { | |||
vertical-align: middle; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
td.image { | |||
padding: 0px; | |||
img { | |||
margin-top: auto; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
} | |||
figure { | |||
width: 100%; | |||
margin: auto; | |||
display: flex; | |||
flex-direction: column; | |||
align-items: center; | |||
justify-content: space-around; | |||
div { | |||
width: 100%; | |||
overflow-x: auto; | |||
} | |||
figcaption { | |||
font-size: 14pt; | |||
} | |||
figcaption::before { | |||
counter-increment: figure; | |||
content: "Figure " counter(figure) ". "; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
@media only screen and (max-width: $max-width) { | |||
div#content { | |||
margin-left: 1em; | |||
margin-right: 1em; | |||
} | |||
.mathpar { | |||
overflow-x: auto; | |||
justify-content: space-evenly; | |||
> * { | |||
margin-left: .2em; | |||
margin-right: .2em; | |||
flex-shrink: 0; | |||
flex-grow: 0; | |||
} | |||
} | |||
} | |||
// Contact page | |||
.contact-list { | |||
display: flex; | |||
flex-direction: row; | |||
flex-wrap: wrap; | |||
justify-content: space-around; | |||
align-items: center; | |||
.contact-card { | |||
margin: 0px .5em; | |||
border: 1px solid $purple; | |||
border-radius: 10px; | |||
background-color: $blonde; | |||
padding: 0px 1em; | |||
.username, .username * { | |||
font-size: 21pt; | |||
color: $purple; | |||
} | |||
p { | |||
display: flex; | |||
align-items: center; | |||
justify-content: space-evenly; | |||
max-width: 40ch !important; | |||
} | |||
transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; | |||
} | |||
.contact-card:hover { | |||
margin: 0px .55em; | |||
background-color: darken($blonde, 10%); | |||
border-radius: 5px; | |||
transform: scale(1.01); | |||
} | |||
} | |||
@font-face { | |||
font-family: 'Fantasque Sans Mono'; | |||
src: url('fonts/FantasqueSansMono-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'); | |||
font-weight: 400; | |||
font-style: normal; | |||
} |
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (Stk0) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, 0) {shift}; | |||
\node (Stk1) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -0.75) {foo}; | |||
\node (Stk2) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -1.5) {bar}; | |||
\node (Stk3) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -2.25) {reset}; | |||
\node (Stk3) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -3) {baz}; | |||
\draw [red, very thick, dashed] (-3.6, -2.625) -- (-1.89, -2.625) -- (-1.89, 0.375) -- (-3.6, 0.375) -- cycle; | |||
\draw [arrows={Latex}-] (-4, 0.375) -- (-4, -3.375); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1 @@ | |||
\node[draw,circle,label=right:$A$,fill,outer sep=0.1cm, inner sep=0pt, minimum size=0.1cm] (i0) at (0, 0) {}; |
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ | |||
\node[draw,circle,label=left:{$A[0/i]$},fill,outer sep=0.1cm, inner sep=0pt, minimum size=0.1cm] (i0) at (-1, 0) {}; | |||
\node[draw,circle,label=right:{$A[1/i]$},fill,outer sep=0.1cm, inner sep=0pt, minimum size=0.1cm] (i1) at (1, 0) {}; | |||
\draw (i0) -- (i1); |
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ | |||
\node[draw,circle,label=left:{$A[0/i, 0/j]$},fill,outer sep=0.1cm, inner sep=0pt, minimum size=0.1cm] (i0j0) at (-1, -1) {}; | |||
\node[draw,circle,label=right:{$A[1/i, 0/j]$},fill,outer sep=0.1cm, inner sep=0pt, minimum size=0.1cm] (i1j0) at (1, -1) {}; | |||
\node[draw,circle,label=left:{$A[0/i, 1/j]$},fill,outer sep=0.1cm, inner sep=0pt, minimum size=0.1cm] (i0j1) at (-1, 1) {}; | |||
\node[draw,circle,label=right:{$A[1/i, 1/j]$},fill,outer sep=0.1cm, inner sep=0pt, minimum size=0.1cm] (i1j1) at (1, 1) {}; | |||
\draw (i0j0) -- (i1j0) -- (i1j1) -- (i0j1) -- (i0j0); |
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ | |||
\node[draw,circle,label=below:$i_0$,fill,outer sep=0.1cm, inner sep=0pt, minimum size=0.1cm] (i0) at (-1, 0) {}; | |||
\node[draw,circle,label=below:$i_1$,fill,outer sep=0.1cm, inner sep=0pt, minimum size=0.1cm] (i1) at (1, 0) {}; | |||
\draw (i0) -- (i1) node [midway, above] (seg) {seg}; | |||
% \draw[-] (i0) -- (i1); |
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (FGX) [inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (FG) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, left of=FGX] {@}; | |||
\node (X) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, right of=FGX] {x}; | |||
\node (F) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=FG, left of=FG, xshift=2] {f}; | |||
\node (G) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FG, right of=FG, xshift=-2] {g}; | |||
\node (GX) | |||
[xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=F, xshift=0.75cm] | |||
{@}; | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (X); | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (F.north east); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (G.north west); | |||
\draw[->] (GX) to ([shift=({-0.35cm,-0.35cm})]GX) | |||
-- ++(0, -0.10cm) | |||
-| (G); | |||
\draw[->] (GX) to ([shift=({0.45cm,-0.35cm})]GX) | |||
-| (X); | |||
\node (Stk0) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, 0) {}; | |||
\node (Stk1) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -0.75) {}; | |||
\node (Stk2) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -1.5) {}; | |||
\node (Stk3) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -2.25) {}; | |||
\draw[->] (Stk0.center) to (FGX); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk1.center) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk2.center) to (F); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk3.center) to (GX); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (FGX) [inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (FG) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, left of=FGX] {@}; | |||
\node (X) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, right of=FGX] {x}; | |||
\node (F) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=FG, left of=FG, xshift=2] {f}; | |||
\node (G) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FG, right of=FG, xshift=-2] {g}; | |||
\node (KGX) | |||
[xshift=-0.55cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=F, xshift=0.75cm] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (K) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=KGX, left of=KGX] | |||
{K}; | |||
\node (GX) | |||
[xshift=-0.45cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=KGX, right of=KGX] | |||
{@}; | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (X); | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (F.north east); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (G.north west); | |||
\draw[->] (KGX) to (K); | |||
\draw[->] (KGX) to (GX); | |||
\draw[->] (GX) to ([shift=({-0.35cm,-0.35cm})]GX) | |||
-- ++(0, -0.10cm) | |||
-| (G); | |||
\draw[->] (GX) to ([shift=({0.45cm,-0.35cm})]GX) | |||
-| (X); | |||
\node (Stk0) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, 0) {}; | |||
\node (Stk1) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -0.75) {}; | |||
\node (Stk2) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -1.5) {}; | |||
\node (Stk3) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -2.25) {}; | |||
\draw[->] (Stk0.center) to (FGX); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk1.center) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk2.center) to (F); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk3.center) to (KGX); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (FGX) [inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (FG) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, left of=FGX] {@}; | |||
\node (X) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, right of=FGX] {x}; | |||
\node (F) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=FG, left of=FG, xshift=2] {f}; | |||
\node (G) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FG, right of=FG, xshift=-2] {g}; | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (X); | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (F.north east); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (G.north west); | |||
\node (Stk0) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, 0) {}; | |||
\node (Stk1) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -0.75) {}; | |||
\node (Stk2) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -1.5) {}; | |||
\draw[->] (Stk0.center) to (FGX); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk1.center) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk2.center) to (F); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (FGX) [inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (FG) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, left of=FGX] {@}; | |||
\node (X) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, right of=FGX] {x}; | |||
\node (F) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=FG, left of=FG, xshift=2] {f}; | |||
\node (G) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FG, right of=FG, xshift=-2] {g}; | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (X); | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (F.north east); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (G.north west); | |||
\node (Stk0) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, 0) {}; | |||
\node (Stk1) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -0.75) {}; | |||
\node (Stk2) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -1.5) {}; | |||
\node (Stk3) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -2.25) {}; | |||
\node (Stk4) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -3) {}; | |||
\draw[->] (Stk0.center) to (FGX); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk1.center) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk2.center) to (F); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk3.center) to (X |- 0, -2.25cm) -- (X); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk4.center) to (G |- 0, -3cm) -- (G); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (FGX) [inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (FG) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, left of=FGX] {@}; | |||
\node (X) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, right of=FGX] {x}; | |||
\node (F) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=FG, left of=FG, xshift=2] {f}; | |||
\node (G) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FG, right of=FG, xshift=-2] {g}; | |||
\node (GX) | |||
[xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=F, xshift=0.75cm] | |||
{@}; | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (X); | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (F.north east); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (G.north west); | |||
\draw[->] (GX) to ([shift=({-0.35cm,-0.35cm})]GX) | |||
-- ++(0, -0.10cm) | |||
-| (G); | |||
\draw[->] (GX) to ([shift=({0.45cm,-0.35cm})]GX) | |||
-| (X); | |||
\node (Stk0) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, 0) {}; | |||
\node (Stk1) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -0.75) {}; | |||
\node (Stk2) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -1.5) {}; | |||
\node (Stk3) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -2.25) {}; | |||
\node (Stk4) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -3) {}; | |||
\node (K) [right of=Stk4, xshift=1.5cm] {K}; | |||
\draw[->] (Stk0.center) to (FGX); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk1.center) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk2.center) to (F); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk3.center) to (GX); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk4.center) to (K); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (FGX) [inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] | |||
at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (FG) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, left of=FGX] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (X) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, right of=FGX] | |||
{x}; | |||
\node (F) [xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=FG, left of=FG, xshift=2] | |||
{f}; | |||
\node (G) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FG, right of=FG, xshift=-2] | |||
{g}; | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (X); | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (F.north east); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (G.north west); | |||
\node (Stk0) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, 0) {}; | |||
\node (Stk1) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -0.75) {}; | |||
\node (Stk2) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -1.5) {}; | |||
\node (Stk3) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -2.25) {}; | |||
\draw[->] (Stk0.center) to (FGX); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk1.center) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk2.center) to (F); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk3.center) to (0.5cm, -2.25cm) -- (X); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (KGX) | |||
[xshift=-0.55cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] | |||
at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (K) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=KGX, left of=KGX] | |||
{K}; | |||
\node (GX) | |||
[xshift=-0.45cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=KGX, right of=KGX] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (G) | |||
[xshift=0.45cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=GX, left of=GX] | |||
{g}; | |||
\node (X) | |||
[xshift=-0.45cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=GX, right of=GX] | |||
{x}; | |||
\draw[->] (KGX) to (K); | |||
\draw[->] (KGX) to (GX); | |||
\draw[->] (GX) to (G); | |||
\draw[->] (GX) to (X); | |||
\node (Stk0) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, 0) {}; | |||
\draw[->] (Stk0.center) to (KGX); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (FGX) [color=blue,inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (FG) [color=blue,xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, left of=FGX] {@}; | |||
\node (X) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, right of=FGX] {y}; | |||
\node (F) [color=blue,xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=FG, left of=FG, xshift=2] {f}; | |||
\node (G) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FG, right of=FG, xshift=-2] {x}; | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (X); | |||
\draw[->,color=blue] (FGX) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->,color=blue] (FG) to (F.north east); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (G.north west); | |||
\node (Stk0) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, 0) {}; | |||
\node (Stk1) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -0.75) {}; | |||
\node (Stk2) [draw, shape=rectangle, minimum width=1.5cm, minimum height=0.75cm, anchor=center] | |||
at (-2.75, -1.5) {}; | |||
\draw[->] (Stk0.center) to (FGX); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk1.center) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->] (Stk2.center) to (F); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (FGX) [color=blue,inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (FG) [color=blue,xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, left of=FGX] {@}; | |||
\node (X) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FGX, right of=FGX] {y}; | |||
\node (F) [color=blue,xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=FG, left of=FG, xshift=2] {f}; | |||
\node (G) [xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=FG, right of=FG, xshift=-2] {x}; | |||
\draw[->] (FGX) to (X); | |||
\draw[->,color=blue] (FGX) to (FG); | |||
\draw[->,color=blue] (FG) to (F.north east); | |||
\draw[->] (FG) to (G.north west); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1 @@ | |||
\node at (0, 0) {main}; |
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (DoDo4) [inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (Do) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=DoDo4, left of=DoDo4] | |||
{double}; | |||
\node (Do4) | |||
[xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=DoDo4, right of=DoDo4] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (Do_2) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=Do4, left of=Do4, xshift=2] | |||
{double}; | |||
\node (4) | |||
[xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=Do4, right of=Do4, xshift=-2] | |||
{4}; | |||
\draw[->] (DoDo4) to (Do); | |||
\draw[->] (DoDo4) to (Do4); | |||
\draw[->] (Do4) to (Do_2); | |||
\draw[->] (Do4) to (4); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (DoDo4) [inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (TimesAp) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=DoDo4, left of=DoDo4] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (Times) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=TimesAp, left of=TimesAp] | |||
{$+$}; | |||
\node (Do4) | |||
[xshift=-0.5cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=DoDo4, | |||
right of=DoDo4, yshift=-0.5cm] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (Do_2) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=Do4, left of=Do4, xshift=2] | |||
{double}; | |||
\node (4) | |||
[xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=Do4, right of=Do4, xshift=-2] | |||
{4}; | |||
\draw[->] (DoDo4) to (TimesAp); | |||
\draw[->] (TimesAp) to (Times); | |||
\draw[->] (TimesAp) |- (Do4); | |||
\draw[->] (DoDo4) to (Do4); | |||
\draw[->] (Do4) to (Do_2); | |||
\draw[->] (Do4) to (4); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (DoDo4) [inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (TimesAp) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=DoDo4, left of=DoDo4] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (Times) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=TimesAp, left of=TimesAp] | |||
{$+$}; | |||
\node (Times44) | |||
[xshift=-0.5cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=DoDo4, right of=DoDo4, yshift=-0.5cm] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (4) | |||
[xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=Times44, right of=Times44, yshift=-0.75cm] | |||
{4}; | |||
\node (Times4) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=Times44, left of=Times44, xshift=2] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (Times2) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=Times4, left of=Times4] | |||
{$+$}; | |||
\draw[->] (DoDo4) to (TimesAp); | |||
\draw[->] (TimesAp) to (Times); | |||
\draw[->] (TimesAp) to (Times44); | |||
\draw[->] (DoDo4) to (Times44); | |||
\draw[->] (Times44) to (Times4); | |||
\draw[->] (Times4) to (Times2); | |||
\draw[->] (Times4) |- (4); | |||
\draw[->] (Times44) to (4); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (DoDo4) [inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (TimesAp) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=DoDo4, left of=DoDo4] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (Times) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=TimesAp, left of=TimesAp] | |||
{$+$}; | |||
\node (Times44) | |||
[xshift=-0.5cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=DoDo4, right of=DoDo4, yshift=-0.5cm, color=blue] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (4) | |||
[xshift=-0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=Times44, right of=Times44, yshift=-0.75cm, color=blue] | |||
{4}; | |||
\node (Times4) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.04cm, inner ysep=0.05cm, below of=Times44, left of=Times44, xshift=2, color=blue] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (Times2) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=Times4, left of=Times4, color=blue] | |||
{$+$}; | |||
\draw[->] (DoDo4) to (TimesAp); | |||
\draw[->] (TimesAp) to (Times); | |||
\draw[->] (TimesAp) to (Times44); | |||
\draw[->] (DoDo4) to (Times44); | |||
\draw[->,color=blue,dashed] (Times44) to (Times4); | |||
\draw[->,color=blue,dashed] (Times4) to (Times2); | |||
\draw[->,color=blue,dashed] (Times4) |- (4); | |||
\draw[->,color=blue,dashed] (Times44) to (4); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ | |||
\begin{scope}[node distance=0.75cm] | |||
\node (DoDo4) [inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm] at (0, 0) {@}; | |||
\node (TimesAp) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=DoDo4, left of=DoDo4] | |||
{@}; | |||
\node (Times) | |||
[xshift=0.25cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=TimesAp, left of=TimesAp] | |||
{$+$}; | |||
\node (8) | |||
[xshift=-0.5cm, inner xsep=0.01cm, inner ysep=0.03cm, below of=DoDo4, right of=DoDo4, yshift=-0.75cm] | |||
{8}; | |||
\draw[->] (DoDo4) to (TimesAp); | |||
\draw[->] (TimesAp) to (Times); | |||
\draw[->] (TimesAp) |- (8); | |||
\draw[->] (DoDo4) to (8); | |||
\end{scope} |
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ | |||
cradle: | |||
stack: |
@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ | |||
{ | |||
"name": "blag", | |||
"version": "1.0.0", | |||
"lockfileVersion": 1, | |||
"requires": true, | |||
"dependencies": { | |||
"anymatch": { | |||
"version": "3.1.1", | |||
"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/anymatch/-/anymatch-3.1.1.tgz", | |||
"integrity": "sha512-mM8522psRCqzV+6LhomX5wgp25YVibjh8Wj23I5RPkPppSVSjyKD2A2mBJmWGa+KN7f2D6LNh9jkBCeyLktzjg==", | |||
"requires": { | |||
"normalize-path": "^3.0.0", | |||
"picomatch": "^2.0.4" | |||
} | |||
}, | |||
"binary-extensions": { | |||
"version": "2.1.0", | |||
"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/binary-extensions/-/binary-extensions-2.1.0.tgz", | |||
"integrity": "sha512-1Yj8h9Q+QDF5FzhMs/c9+6UntbD5MkRfRwac8DoEm9ZfUBZ7tZ55YcGVAzEe4bXsdQHEk+s9S5wsOKVdZrw0tQ==" | |||
}, | |||
"braces": { | |||
"version": "3.0.2", | |||
"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/braces/-/braces-3.0.2.tgz", | |||
"integrity": "sha512-b8um+L1RzM3WDSzvhm6gIz1yfTbBt6YTlcEKAvsmqCZZFw46z626lVj9j1yEPW33H5H+lBQpZMP1k8l+78Ha0A==", | |||
"requires": { | |||
"fill-range": "^7.0.1" | |||
} | |||
}, | |||
"chokidar": { | |||
"version": "3.4.3", | |||
"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/chokidar/-/chokidar-3.4.3.tgz", | |||
"integrity": "sha512-DtM3g7juCXQxFVSNPNByEC2+NImtBuxQQvWlHunpJIS5Ocr0lG306cC7FCi7cEA0fzmybPUIl4txBIobk1gGOQ==", | |||
"requires": { | |||
"anymatch": "~3.1.1", | |||
"braces": "~3.0.2", | |||
"fsevents": "~2.1.2", | |||
"glob-parent": "~5.1.0", | |||
"is-binary-path": "~2.1.0", | |||
"is-glob": "~4.0.1", | |||
"normalize-path": "~3.0.0", | |||
"readdirp": "~3.5.0" | |||
} | |||
}, | |||
"commander": { | |||
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"requires": { | |||
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}, | |||
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}, | |||
"katex": { | |||
"version": "0.11.1", | |||
"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/katex/-/katex-0.11.1.tgz", | |||
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"requires": { | |||
"commander": "^2.19.0" | |||
} | |||
}, | |||
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}, | |||
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}, | |||
"readdirp": { | |||
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"version": "1.28.0", | |||
"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/sass/-/sass-1.28.0.tgz", | |||
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"requires": { | |||
"chokidar": ">=2.0.0 <4.0.0" | |||
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"to-regex-range": { | |||
"version": "5.0.1", | |||
"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/to-regex-range/-/to-regex-range-5.0.1.tgz", | |||
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"requires": { | |||
"is-number": "^7.0.0" | |||
} | |||
} | |||
} | |||
} |
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ | |||
{ | |||
"name": "blag", | |||
"version": "1.0.0", | |||
"description": "[Go here instead](https://abby.how)", | |||
"main": "index.js", | |||
"dependencies": { | |||
"katex": "^0.11.1", | |||
"sass": "^1.28.0" | |||
}, | |||
"devDependencies": {}, | |||
"scripts": { | |||
"up": "stack run -- build && stack run -- deploy", | |||
"watch": "stack run -- watch" | |||
}, | |||
"repository": { | |||
"type": "git", | |||
"url": "[email protected]:plt-hokusai/blag.git" | |||
}, | |||
"author": "", | |||
"license": "ISC" | |||
} |
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ | |||
--- | |||
title: Contact | |||
--- | |||
Here are the easiest ways to reach me: | |||
<style> | |||
span#reading-length { display: none; } | |||
</style> | |||
<div class="contact-list"> | |||
<div class="contact-card"> | |||
<span class="username">@abby#4600</span> | |||
My Discord friend requests are always open. Feel free to add me for questions or comments! | |||
</div> | |||
<div class="contact-card"> | |||
<span class="username">{abby}</span> | |||
<span> | |||
Message me directly on <a href="https://webchat.freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC, or join `##dependent` to talk about types! | |||
</span> | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
If you like what I do, here are some ways you can support this blog: | |||
<div class="contact-list"> | |||
<div class="contact-card"> | |||
<span class="username"><a href="https://ko-fi.com/pltabby">Ko-fi</a></span> | |||
You can send me a one-time donation on Ko-Fi. Just remember not to read the name on the receipt! | |||
(Paypal sucks) | |||
</div> | |||
</div> |
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ | |||
--- | |||
title: Home | |||
--- | |||
<p> | |||
You've reached Abigail's blog, a place where I exposit and reflect on programming languages and type theory. | |||
Here's the posts I've written recently: | |||
</p> | |||
<h2>Posts</h2> | |||
$partial("templates/post-list.html")$ | |||
<p>…or you can find more in the <a href="/archive.html">archives</a>.</p> |
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ | |||
--- | |||
title: Open-source Licenses | |||
--- | |||
<style> | |||
span#reading-length { display: none; } | |||
</style> | |||
This blog redistributes (parts of) the following free software projects: | |||
* **KaTeX** is a fast JavaScript library for rendering LaTeX on the client. I use it to pre-generate amazing looking mathematics at compile time. **KaTeX is licensed under the terms of the MIT license, with a copy available [here](/static/licenses/LICENSE.KaTeX)**. | |||
* **Fantasque Sans Mono** is the programming font I've used for the past 3 years, including on this website. **Fantasque Sans Mono is distributed under the terms of the Open Font License (OFL), with a copy available [here](/static/licenses/LICENSE.FantasqueSansMono)**. |
@ -0,0 +1,308 @@ | |||
--- | |||
title: You could have invented Parsec | |||
date: August 17, 2016 01:29 AM | |||
--- | |||
As most of us should know, [Parsec](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/parsec) | |||
is a relatively fast, lightweight monadic parser combinator library. | |||
In this post I aim to show that monadic parsing is not only useful, but a simple | |||
concept to grok. | |||
We shall implement a simple parsing library with instances of common typeclasses | |||
of the domain, such as Monad, Functor and Applicative, and some example | |||
combinators to show how powerful this abstraction really is. | |||
--- | |||
Getting the buzzwords out of the way, being _monadic_ just means that Parsers | |||
instances of `Monad`{.haskell}. Recall the Monad typeclass, as defined in | |||
`Control.Monad`{.haskell}, | |||
```haskell | |||
class Applicative m => Monad m where | |||
return :: a -> m a | |||
(>>=) :: m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b | |||
{- Some fields omitted -} | |||
``` | |||
How can we fit a parser in the above constraints? To answer that, we must first | |||
define what a parser _is_. | |||
A naïve implementation of the `Parser`{.haskell} type would be a simple type | |||
synonym. | |||
```haskell | |||
type Parser a = String -> (a, String) | |||
``` | |||
This just defines that a parser is a function from a string to a result pair | |||
with the parsed value and the resulting stream. This would mean that parsers are | |||
just state transformers, and if we define it as a synonym for the existing mtl | |||
`State`{.haskell} monad, we get the Monad, Functor and Applicative instances for | |||
free! But alas, this will not do. | |||
Apart from modeling the state transformation that a parser expresses, we need a | |||
way to represent failure. You already know that `Maybe a`{.haskell} expresses | |||
failure, so we could try something like this: | |||
```haskell | |||
type Parser a = String -> Maybe (a, String) | |||
``` | |||
But, as you might have guessed, this is not the optimal representation either: | |||
`Maybe`{.haskell} _does_ model failure, but in a way that is lacking. It can | |||
only express that a computation was successful or that it failed, not why it | |||
failed. We need a way to fail with an error message. That is, the | |||
`Either`{.haskell} monad. | |||
```haskell | |||
type Parser e a = String -> Either e (a, String) | |||
``` | |||
Notice how we have the `Maybe`{.haskell} and `Either`{.haskell} outside the | |||
tuple, so that when an error happens we stop parsing immediately. We could | |||
instead have them inside the tuple for better error reporting, but that's out of | |||
scope for a simple blag post. | |||
This is pretty close to the optimal representation, but there are still some | |||
warts things to address: `String`{.haskell} is a bad representation for textual | |||
data, so ideally you'd have your own `Stream`{.haskell} class that has instances | |||
for things such as `Text`{.haskell}, `ByteString`{.haskell} and | |||
`String`{.haskell}. | |||
One issue, however, is more glaring: You _can't_ define typeclass instances for | |||
type synonyms! The fix, however, is simple: make `Parser`{.haskell} a newtype. | |||
```haskell | |||
newtype Parser a | |||
= Parser { parse :: String -> Either String (a, String) } | |||
``` | |||
--- | |||
Now that that's out of the way, we can actually get around to instancing some | |||
typeclasses. | |||
Since the AMP landed in GHC 7.10 (base 4.8), the hierarchy of the Monad | |||
typeclass is as follows: | |||
```haskell | |||
class Functor (m :: * -> *) where | |||
class Functor m => Applicative m where | |||
class Applicative m => Monad m where | |||
``` | |||
That is, we need to implement Functor and Applicative before we can actually | |||
implement Monad. | |||
We shall also add an `Alternative`{.haskell} instance for expressing choice. | |||
First we need some utility functions, such as `runParser`{.haskell}, that runs a | |||
parser from a given stream. | |||
```haskell | |||
runParser :: Parser a -> String -> Either String a | |||
runParser (Parser p) s = fst <$> p s | |||
``` | |||
We could also use function for modifying error messages. For convenience, we | |||
make this an infix operator, `<?>`{.haskell}. | |||
```haskell | |||
(<?>) :: Parser a -> String -> Parser a | |||
(Parser p) <?> err = Parser go where | |||
go s = case p s of | |||
Left _ -> Left err | |||
Right x -> return x | |||
infixl 2 <?> | |||
``` | |||
`Functor` | |||
======= | |||
Remember that Functor models something that can be mapped over (technically, | |||
`fmap`-ed over). | |||
We need to define semantics for `fmap` on Parsers. A sane implementation would | |||
only map over the result, and keeping errors the same. This is a homomorphism, | |||
and follows the Functor laws. | |||
However, since we can't modify a function in place, we need to return a new | |||
parser that applies the given function _after_ the parsing is done. | |||
```haskell | |||
instance Functor Parser where | |||
fn `fmap` (Parser p) = Parser go where | |||
go st = case p st of | |||
Left e -> Left e | |||
Right (res, str') -> Right (fn res, str') | |||
``` | |||
### `Applicative` | |||
While Functor is something that can be mapped over, Applicative defines | |||
semantics for applying a function inside a context to something inside a | |||
context. | |||
The Applicative class is defined as | |||
```haskell | |||
class Functor m => Applicative m where | |||
pure :: a -> m a | |||
(<*>) :: f (a -> b) -> f a -> f b | |||
``` | |||
Notice how the `pure`{.haskell} and the `return`{.haskell} methods are | |||
equivalent, so we only have to implement one of them. | |||
Let's go over this by parts. | |||
```haskell | |||
instance Applicative Parser where | |||
pure x = Parser $ \str -> Right (x, str) | |||
``` | |||
The `pure`{.haskell} function leaves the stream untouched, and sets the result | |||
to the given value. | |||
The `(<*>)`{.haskell} function needs to to evaluate and parse the left-hand side | |||
to get the in-context function to apply it. | |||
```haskell | |||
(Parser p) <*> (Parser p') = Parser go where | |||
go st = case p st of | |||
Left e -> Left e | |||
Right (fn, st') -> case p' st' of | |||
Left e' -> Left e' | |||
Right (v, st'') -> Right (fn v, st'') | |||
``` | |||
### `Alternative` | |||
Since the only superclass of Alternative is Applicative, we can instance it | |||
without a Monad instance defined. We do, however, need an import of | |||
`Control.Applicative`{.haskell}. | |||
```haskell | |||
instance Alternative Parser where | |||
empty = Parser $ \_ -> Left "empty parser" | |||
(Parser p) <|> (Parser p') = Parser go where | |||
go st = case p st of | |||
Left _ -> p' st | |||
Right x -> Right x | |||
``` | |||
### `Monad` | |||
After almost a thousand words, one would be excused for forgetting we're | |||
implementing a _monadic_ parser combinator library. That means, we need an | |||
instance of the `Monad`{.haskell} typeclass. | |||
Since we have an instance of Applicative, we don't need an implementation of | |||
return: it is equivalent to `pure`, save for the class constraint. | |||
```haskell | |||
instance Monad Parser where | |||
return = pure | |||
``` | |||
The `(>>=)`{.haskell} implementation, however, needs a bit more thought. Its | |||
type signature is | |||
```haskell | |||
(>>=) :: m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b | |||
``` | |||
That means we need to extract a value from the Parser monad and apply it to the | |||
given function, producing a new Parser. | |||
```haskell | |||
(Parser p) >>= f = Parser go where | |||
go s = case p s of | |||
Left e -> Left e | |||
Right (x, s') -> parse (f x) s' | |||
``` | |||
While some people think that the `fail`{.haskell} is not supposed to be in the | |||
Monad typeclass, we do need an implementation for when pattern matching fails. | |||
It is also convenient to use `fail`{.haskell} for the parsing action that | |||
returns an error with a given message. | |||
```haskell | |||
fail m = Parser $ \_ -> Left m | |||
``` | |||
--- | |||
We now have a `Parser`{.haskell} monad, that expresses a parsing action. But, a | |||
parser library is no good when actual parsing is made harder than easier. To | |||
make parsing easier, we define _combinators_, functions that modify a parser in | |||
one way or another. | |||
But first, we should get some parsing functions. | |||
### any, satisfying | |||
`any` is the parsing action that pops a character off the stream and returns | |||
that. It does no further parsing at all. | |||
```haskell | |||
any :: Parser Char | |||
any = Parser go where | |||
go [] = Left "any: end of file" | |||
go (x:xs) = Right (x,xs) | |||
``` | |||
`satisfying` tests the parsed value against a function of type `Char -> | |||
Bool`{.haskell} before deciding if it's successful or a failure. | |||
```haskell | |||
satisfy :: (Char -> Bool) -> Parser Char | |||
satisfy f = d | |||
x <- any | |||
if f x | |||
then return x | |||
else fail "satisfy: does not satisfy" | |||
``` | |||
We use the `fail`{.haskell} function defined above to represent failure. | |||
### `oneOf`, `char` | |||
These functions are defined in terms of `satisfying`, and parse individual | |||
characters. | |||
```haskell | |||
char :: Char -> Parser Char | |||
char c = satisfy (c ==) <?> "char: expected literal " ++ [c] | |||
oneOf :: String -> Parser Char | |||
oneOf s = satisfy (`elem` s) <?> "oneOf: expected one of '" ++ s ++ "'" | |||
``` | |||
### `string` | |||
This parser parses a sequence of characters, in order. | |||
```haskell | |||
string :: String -> Parser String | |||
string [] = return [] | |||
string (x:xs) = do | |||
char x | |||
string xs | |||
return $ x:xs | |||
``` | |||
--- | |||
And that's it! In a few hundred lines, we have built a working parser combinator | |||
library with Functor, Applicative, Alternative, and Monad instances. While it's | |||
not as complex or featureful as Parsec in any way, it is powerful enough to | |||
define grammars for simple languages. | |||
[A transcription](/static/Parser.hs) ([with syntax | |||
highlighting](/static/Parser.hs.html)) of this file is available as runnable | |||
Haskell. The transcription also features some extra combinators for use. |
@ -0,0 +1,331 @@ | |||
--- | |||
title: Dependent types in Haskell - Sort of | |||
date: August 23, 2016 | |||
--- | |||
**Warning**: An intermediate level of type-fu is necessary for understanding | |||
*this post. | |||
The glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation system, since around version 6.10 has | |||
had support for indexed type familes, which let us represent functional | |||
relationships between types. Since around version 7, it has also supported | |||
datatype-kind promotion, which lifts arbitrary data declarations to types. Since | |||
version 8, it has supported an extension called `TypeInType`, which unifies the | |||
kind and type level. | |||
With this in mind, we can implement the classical dependently-typed example: | |||
Length-indexed lists, also called `Vectors`{.haskell}. | |||
---- | |||
> {-# LANGUAGE TypeInType #-} | |||
`TypeInType` also implies `DataKinds`, which enables datatype promotion, and | |||
`PolyKinds`, which enables kind polymorphism. | |||
`TypeOperators` is needed for expressing type-level relationships infixly, and | |||
`TypeFamilies` actually lets us define these type-level functions. | |||
> {-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-} | |||
> {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-} | |||
Since these are not simple-kinded types, we'll need a way to set their kind | |||
signatures[^kind] explicitly. We'll also need Generalized Algebraic Data Types | |||
(or GADTs, for short) for defining these types. | |||
> {-# LANGUAGE KindSignatures #-} | |||
> {-# LANGUAGE GADTs #-} | |||
Since GADTs which couldn't normally be defined with regular ADT syntax can't | |||
have deriving clauses, we also need `StandaloneDeriving`. | |||
> {-# LANGUAGE StandaloneDeriving #-} | |||
> module Vector where | |||
> import Data.Kind | |||
---- | |||
Natural numbers | |||
=============== | |||
We could use the natural numbers (and singletons) implemented in `GHC.TypeLits`, | |||
but since those are not defined inductively, they're painful to use for our | |||
purposes. | |||
Recall the definition of natural numbers proposed by Giuseppe Peano in his | |||
axioms: **Z**ero is a natural number, and the **s**uccessor of a natural number | |||
is also a natural number. | |||
If you noticed the bold characters at the start of the words _zero_ and | |||
_successor_, you might have already assumed the definition of naturals to be | |||
given by the following GADT: | |||
< data Nat where | |||
< Z :: Nat | |||
< S :: Nat -> Nat | |||
This is fine if all you need are natural numbers at the _value_ level, but since | |||
we'll be parametrising the Vector type with these, they have to exist at the | |||
type level. The beauty of datatype promotion is that any promoted type will | |||
exist at both levels: A kind with constructors as its inhabitant types, and a | |||
type with constructors as its... constructors. | |||
Since we have TypeInType, this declaration was automatically lifted, but we'll | |||
use explicit kind signatures for clarity. | |||
> data Nat :: Type where | |||
> Z :: Nat | |||
> S :: Nat -> Nat | |||
The `Type` kind, imported from `Data.Kind`, is a synonym for the `*` (which will | |||
eventually replace the latter). | |||
Vectors | |||
======= | |||
Vectors, in dependently-typed languages, are lists that apart from their content | |||
encode their size along with their type. | |||
If we assume that lists can not have negative length, and an empty vector has | |||
length 0, this gives us a nice inductive definition using the natural number | |||
~~type~~ kind[^kinds] | |||
> 1. An empty vector of `a` has size `Z`{.haskell}. | |||
> 2. Adding an element to the front of a vector of `a` and length `n` makes it | |||
> have length `S n`{.haskell}. | |||
We'll represent this in Haskell as a datatype with a kind signature of `Nat -> | |||
Type -> Type` - That is, it takes a natural number (remember, these were | |||
automatically lifted to kinds), a regular type, and produces a regular type. | |||
Note that, `->` still means a function at the kind level. | |||
> data Vector :: Nat -> Type -> Type where | |||
Or, without use of `Type`, | |||
< data Vector :: Nat -> * -> * where | |||
We'll call the empty vector `Nil`{.haskell}. Remember, it has size | |||
`Z`{.haskell}. | |||
> Nil :: Vector Z a | |||
Also note that type variables are implicit in the presence of kind signatures: | |||
They are assigned names in order of appearance. | |||
Consing onto a vector, represented by the infix constructor `:|`, sets its | |||
length to the successor of the existing length, and keeps the type of elements | |||
intact. | |||
> (:|) :: a -> Vector x a -> Vector (S x) a | |||
Since this constructor is infix, we also need a fixidity declaration. For | |||
consistency with `(:)`, cons for regular lists, we'll make it right-associative | |||
with a precedence of `5`. | |||
> infixr 5 :| | |||
We'll use derived `Show`{.haskell} and `Eq`{.haskell} instances for | |||
`Vector`{.haskell}, for clarity reasons. While the derived `Eq`{.haskell} is | |||
fine, one would prefer a nicer `Show`{.haskell} instance for a | |||
production-quality library. | |||
> deriving instance Show a => Show (Vector n a) | |||